Law Regime Research Articles

Private law framework for blockchain

Current attempts to regulate blockchain technology are mainly based on securities law framework, which considers crypto tokens and digital assets as either securities, currencies or derivatives thereof. The main limitation of such approach lies in its inability to accommodate the diverse legal rights, obligations and assets that blockchain technology can virtually reproduce. Already in 2017–2018 there were attempts to tokenize rights outside of securities law framework, these initiatives served more as makeshift solutions to circumvent securities regulations than as thorough frameworks for managing real-world assets and commercial activities. This article conducts a comparative and historical analysis of blockchain regulatory initiatives in Europe and the US, positing that the regulation of blockchain technology through a securities law lens is driven by reactionary opportunism. Such a basis is deemed inappropriate and insufficient, as securities laws being a field of public law were not designed to govern real-world assets and commerce, which fundamentally rely on the principles of laissez-faire and freedom of contract inherent in private law. A regulatory stance focused solely on public law overlooks the full potential of blockchain technology, and risks stifling innovation and practical applications. To illustrate this, the article presents case study of tokenization of contractual rights demonstrating that securities law-focused legal regulations, such as the EU Regulation 2023/1114 on Markets in Crypto-Assets (MiCA) and Regulation 2022/858 on Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT), inadequately address the field of private commerce. Based on the analysis, the article concludes that comprehensive legal framework for blockchain technology shall combine public and private law regime akin to the regulation of traditional rights, obligations and assets.

Legal regulation of the grounds for the use of weapons by ships, boats and support vessels of the State Border Guard Service of Ukraine in the conditions of the legal regime of martial law and state of emergency

The scientific article studied and explained the content of the legal and regulatory grounds for the use of weapons by ships, boats and support vessels of the State Border Guard Service of Ukraine. This problem is understudied.
 With the help of general and special methods of scientific knowledge, the authors have researched the laws of Ukraine, current subordinate legal acts and scientific sources that regulate the grounds for the use of weapons of ships, boats and support vessels of the State Border Guard Service of Ukraine.
 The work clarified the content and features of the legal support for the use of weapons of ships, boats and vessels.
 It has been established that the measures of the legal regime of martial law or a state of emergency, in the implementation of which the state border protection authorities take part, determine the possibility, necessity and grounds for the use of weapons by ships, boats and support vessels of the State Border Guard Service of Ukraine.
 Most of the reasons for the use of the weapons of ships and boats can be aimed at ensuring the measures of the legal regime of war, and in some cases, the state of emergency. In such conditions, the subordination of ships, boats and support vessels of the State Border Service of Ukraine may change, which determines the entity that grants permission to use their weapons after a warning.
 The authors come to the conclusion that the reasons for the use of weapons by ships, boats and vessels of the State Border Guard Service of Ukraine, which are defined in the laws of Ukraine, are aimed at the forcible termination of offenses and crimes, ensuring compliance with measures of martial law and state of emergency. The blanket form of the norms regulating the grounds for the use of weapons on ships and boats makes it necessary to refer to other laws and subordinate legal acts of Ukraine and to take into account the specifics of the law enforcement, service and combat activities of the State Border Guard Service of Ukraine and the conditions of the legal regime of martial law or a state of emergency.

Cooperation of The National Police of Ukraine with civil society on the basis of partnership under the conditions of the state of martial

The article examines the prospects for the interaction of the National Police of Ukraine with the population on the basis of partnership under martial law and analyzes the recently implemented projects, the purpose of which is the effective implementation of the tasks assigned by the state, primarily related to the protection of the highest values of the state, which include man and his rights and freedom. It is emphasized that the introduction of martial law in Ukraine requires not only the solution of tasks related to the introduction and implementation of measures of the legal regime of martial law, since in the course of repelling armed aggression against Ukraine, police bodies participate in the performance of territorial defense tasks, carry out increased patrolling, escort appropriate cargoes, protection of property of victims, protection of destruction sites, delivery of offenders, restriction of traffic on dangerous routes, conducting exercises with representatives of the population, etc. The main problems that arise during the interaction of the National Police with the population at the current stage under the conditions of the legal regime of martial law in Ukraine are highlighted, the ways to solve them are outlined, it is proposed to develop a normative legal act on the organization of the interaction of the police with the population, in which the goal should be fixed interactions, tasks, define individual concepts, define subjects and heads of interaction bodies, types and forms of interaction, features of mutual information, channels of information transmission, methods and deadlines for checking the effectiveness of interaction, determine principles, as well as directions of interaction in the conditions of the legal regime of military state in Ukraine.
 It is concluded that the legal regulation of the interaction of the National Police bodies with the population under the conditions of the legal regime of martial law in Ukraine should be understood as the system of legal means (elements), the totality of techniques and methods of legal influence on social relations that arise during such interaction, with the help of which a complex of organizational and special measures aimed at protection against illegal encroachments, as well as ensuring the personal safety of citizens, countering offenses is defined.

Juridical Review Of The Authority Of Civil Servant Investigators In Conducting Forced Searches Of Violators Of Local Regulations Based On The Provisions Of Indonesian Laws And Regulations

In this study the author discusses one of the problems regarding the authority of civil servant investigators (PPNS) in carrying out forced searches based on the provisions of laws and regulations in Indonesia. The purpose of this study is to determine and analyze the authority of civil servant investigators (PPNS) in conducting forced searches based on the provisions of laws and regulations in Indonesia and to determine and analyze civil servant investigators (PPNS) can make forced searches of perpetrators suspected of committing criminal violations of local regulations. The research method uses normative legal research, so the research approach taken is a statute approach, conceptual approach, and case approach. The results of this study are the first, the authority of civil servant investigators (PPNS) according to Indonesian legislation is regulated in the provisions of Law No. 8 of 1981 concerning Criminal Procedure Law (KUHAP) Government Regulation No. 43 of 2012 concerning Procedures for Implementing Coordination, Supervision, and Technical Guidance of Special Police, Civil Servant Investigators, and forms of Private Security, Regulation of the Chief of the Indonesian National Police Number 14 of 2012 concerning Management of Criminal Investigations, Regulation of the Chief of the Indonesian National Police Number 6 of 2010 concerning Investigation Management by Civil Servant Investigators. Secondly, the provisions of the above laws and regulations that in the event of a criminal offense in the region, civil servant investigators (PPNS) can search the perpetrator of the offense, but still the PPNS authority must be expressly regulated in the provisions of regional regulations because however PPNS in the regions must be subject to Regional Regulations that regulate their authority.

Assessing the E-Commerce Sustainability Readiness: A Green Logistics Study on Online Sellers

The increasing trend of technological advancement has led to significant changes in how customers purchase goods. Currently, buying products can be done most effectively from the comfort of one’s home through online shopping. Customers send and receive thousands of shipments daily, contributing to many materials and packaging that go to waste. While environmental sustainability is becoming increasingly important in all industries, little is known about the factors that drive e-commerce enterprises to adopt green logistical practices. The current study aims to identify the factors that have the most significance in creating sustainable e-commerce in the future of logistics and marketing. This study performed a statewide online seller survey in the Philippines to acquire data on product characteristics, including how internal processes and external partnerships are used and perceived to minimize the carbon footprint connected with order fulfillment and delivery. It encompassed a sample of 286 online sellers nationwide and employed structural equation modeling to identify the factors influencing green logistics practices within the e-commerce industry. The findings underscore that technology has a positive relationship in fostering sustainability. The results also establish significant positive correlations between sustainable e-commerce practices, government laws, seller behavior, and reverse logistics. Notably, this research sheds light on the intricate dynamics of drivers promoting green logistics within the Philippine e-commerce landscape.

Countering hostile sabotage and reconnaissance groups by the National Police of Ukraine units in the context of martial law

The article is devoted to the study of ways to improve the tactical and special readiness of police officers to counteract sabotage and reconnaissance groups in the border areas and in the areas of active hostilities. The author identifies additional powers of the police under the martial law regime, including the following: conducting joint operations against sabotage and reconnaissance forces of the aggressor (enemy) and paramilitary or armed groups which are not regulated by the laws of Ukraine.
 To address the objectives of the study, the analysis of the sources of international and national law providing for the use of sabotage and reconnaissance groups by the parties to the conflict is carried out, the essence and hierarchical structure of these groups are revealed, and the objects against which the use of sabotage measures is prohibited are identified. The article also provides a list of objects of the warring parties which, according to international humanitarian law, may be subject to damage.
 The organisational features of the basics for defensive combat by the units of the ground forces of certain countries, in particular, the Federal Republic of Germany and the United States of America, are considered. According to the military doctrine of these countries, the purpose of defence is to disrupt the enemy’s offensive actions, inflict maximum losses in manpower and equipment, and gain time to concentrate forces in the chosen direction for the offensive.
 The article describes the signs that can be used to identify members of Russian sabotage and reconnaissance groups. These signs are the following: the execution of certain actions, including conducting intelligence activities, destabilising the situation by committing criminal offences (explosions, murders, assaults, robberies) under the guise of domestic crimes, spreading false information and discrediting the authorities during direct communication with the local population.
 The tactical methods of combating sabotage and reconnaissance groups in the territory of the controlled border area are highlighted. The experience of counter-sabotage measures by the security and defence forces of Ukraine, one of the elements of which is an ambush, is studied. 
 A model of sabotage protection and its use in the educational process of higher education institutions of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine is proposed, which provides for a comprehensive combination of command and staff exercises with tactical and special exercises in two stages and involvement of cadets in ensuring public safety and order in border settlements.

Application of Good Governance Principles in Land Registration Service in Parigi Moutong

The purpose of this article is to determine and analyze the application of good governance principles in land registration services in Parigi Moutong Regency. The findings showed that the law that covers the land certificate policy states that land can be owned by people either alone or jointly with other people and legal entities. By using empirical juridical research methods and using the theory of the rule of law and general principles of good governance as well as identifying with legal and conceptual approaches. It is concluded that the implementation of good governance in the performance of land registration public services in Parigi Moutong based on regulations can be measured through the elements of productivity, responsiveness and accountability. The element of responsiveness to the implementation of BPN Parigi Moutong's performance still has a less than optimal attitude towards parties applying for land permits.

The environmental impact of lightweight body in white structures in vehicle manufacturing

The quest for sustainability and reduction of human impact on the planet has led to discussions about environmental efficiency in the manufacture and use of automotive vehicles. The advancement of environmental and government laws has encouraged the automotive industry to seek constant improvements in safety, fuel economy and reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. To achieve these goals, reducing the weight of vehicles has been considered a relevant strategy, with several research and development efforts in search of high-tech materials and innovative design. The assessment of the life cycle of vehicles, from the extraction of raw materials to the end of their useful life, is essential for estimating environmental impacts. In this context, this paper focuses on the life cycle analysis of vehicles with new generation steel structures (Body in White Solution) compared to current steels (Body in White Baseline), aiming at reducing greenhouse gas emissions by reducing of the thickness of the steel plates, maintaining the mechanical properties necessary to guarantee the safety of the vehicle. The methodology of this study was divided into the evaluation of Body in White (BIW) mass in current steels (Baseline) and in advanced high resistance steels (Solution); detailing the vehicular life cycle from the extraction of materials to its end of life; in the estimation of greenhouse gas emissions through simulation and in the comparison of vehicle emissions with BIW in current steels and in advanced high resistance steels. As a result, it was possible to observe that, in the comparison of the CO2 footprint, modeled in the Eco Audit, there is a 15% reduction in emissions in the CO2 footprint for the BIW solution, as well as a 7% reduction in the Ceq total, in the on-site test and a saving of 260.40 L in fuel consumption, that is, the reduction in vehicle weight plays a significant role in reducing CO2 emissions, providing a mitigation factor for global warming.

Military Administrations as a Subject of Power

The operation of the state during a specific period is influenced by the establishment of specialized governing bodies or changes in the legal status of existing entities. This is precisely what military administrations are as special subjects of power, commencing their activities after the implementation of the legal regime of martial law and possessing extensive powers and rights. The relevance of the scientific research topic lies in the emergence of new legal relations, including the composition of subjects, requiring additional analysis. The imposition of the legal regime of martial law across the entire territory of Ukraine on February 24, 2022, was prompted by a full-scale military aggression against Ukraine. Consequently, a comprehensive change in the mechanisms of state functioning necessitates thorough and detailed study, encompassing both theoretical and practical aspects. The theoretical foundation for the research draws from the works of scholars such as V.Y. Bohdanovych, S.O. Kuznichenko, V.V. Dulger, V.Y. Shevchenko, Y. Yakovchuk, S.M. Melnyk, and others. The normative and legal basis encompasses the Constitution of Ukraine, Laws of Ukraine on the legal regime of martial law, on local state administrations, decrees of the President of Ukraine, and other legal acts. The article delves into the legislative concept of military administration, as well as the regulatory and legal aspects of their activities. Based on the research results, the author proposes the definition «military administration» and explores the classification of military administrations by subordination and administrative-territorial principles. The issue of appointing the heads of military administrations is examined in the context of verifying their competence and suitability for the position. Conclusions drawn from the elaborated scientific- theoretical and legal foundation shed light on the functioning of military administrations as special subjects of power, identifying shortcomings in their operation and suggesting possible solutions. This approach aims to eliminate legislative gaps and contribute to enhancing the defense capability of the state and elevating the level of functioning of its institutions.

Legal regulation of economic justice in the condi tions of martial law

The article is devoted to the analysis of current national legislation and judicial practice in the field of economic justice in the conditions of martial law.
 The authors established that the large-scale invasion of Ukraine by the Russian Federation and the introduction of a legal regime of martial law led to the emergence of a number of problems related to the implementation of economic justice in today's conditions. It is noted that the activity of commercial courts is carried out with certain restrictions due to the challenges of martial law.
 It is emphasized that the issue of the activities of the courts located in the territories where hostilities are actively taking place and in the occupied territories is problematic.
 The article analyzes the remote operation of commercial courts. At the same time, the authors believe that the remote work of courts is much safer, since there is less crowding of people in one place (in the case of courts - the courtroom) than during the normal work of the court.
 The issue of renewal of economic procedural terms was studied, in particular, determination by the court of the validity of the reasons for skipping economic procedural terms, while such reasons are an evaluative category, as they are recognized by the courts subjectively and at their own discretion. Considered judicial practice regarding the recognition of the introduction of martial law on the territory of Ukraine as a valid reason for the renewal of economic procedural terms.
 The authors draw attention to the issue of postponement of the case, namely, the need to recognize the announcement of the "air alarm” signal as one of the reasons for the postponement of the court's consideration of the case.
 In the conclusions, it is noted that in the conditions of the introduction of the martial law regime, economic justice does not stop its activity, but some of its aspects have changed, because during the operation of the legal regime of martial law, economic justice is carried out taking into account the challenges caused by the present.

The Place and Role of Advocacy and Notary in the System of Protecting the Rights of Servicemen

This article is dedicated to exploring the role of advocacy and notary institutions in the context of the increasing importance of human rights mechanisms in the process of establishing the rule of law in Ukraine. Attention is focused on the necessity of ensuring real opportunities for the implementation and protection of guaranteed rights and freedoms of citizens in the conditions of the legal regime of martial law, creating legal, economic, political, social, and other conditions for their implementation.
 Within this article, the content of the right to defense, which is ensured by a special mechanism through which servicemen implement the constitutional provisions of the right to legal assistance, is analyzed. Emphasis is placed on the legal nature of the advocacy institution as an important element of the human rights mechanism of civil society, which performs functions of representation and protection of the rights and interests of citizens and servicemen in particular.
 Based on the analysis of current trends in the practice of protecting the rights of servicemen, a number of factors have been identified that could negatively affect the provision of effective and fair protection and therefore require joint efforts of military personnel, human rights defenders, and legal experts, namely: post-traumatic stress, access to up-to-date information, the specificity of military discipline and military hierarchy, insufficient understanding of the content of rights and protection possibilities and so on.
 The article examines the activities of notaries, which are a type of legal activity aimed at realizing the rights and interests of citizens and legal entities through the use of various institutions by performing notarial acts and contributing to the protection of the lawful interests of the respective subjects.
 The conclusion is drawn that according to the fifth part of Article 55 of the Constitution of Ukraine, everyone is guaranteed the protection of their rights, freedoms, and interests from violations and unlawful encroachments by any means not prohibited by law. Based on the content of this constitutional norm, the possibility of applying means and methods of protection of rights, including those not provided for by procedural norms, is envisaged. Such an approach corresponds to manifestations of the rule of law, which is not limited solely to legislation but also includes other social regulators, norms of morality, traditions, customs, etc.

Civil-military cooperation and public control over the activities of local self-government bodies

The purpose of the article is to determine the specific features of civil-military cooperation and public control over the activities of local self­government bodies.
 The article shows that in the context of a high- intensity armed conflict, the impact of corruption and other risks that have a destructive impact on the local self-government system is growing. Arguments are presented about the existence of risks of violation of human and civil rights as a result of unlawful actions of civilian and military officials. Attention is focused on the decline in economic activity of enterprises and the population living near the contact line as a result of ill-considered provision of humanitarian aid. The article establishes the absence or imperfection of legal mechanisms to influence persons who refuse to evacuate from the areas of hostilities, if such "refuseniks" take care of children, the elderly or persons with disabilities.
 Public control is a complex social entity whose mission is to create preconditions for continuous improvement of the controlled entities' activities by searching for and analyzing errors in their activities and identifying ways to eliminate them. The concept of public control over the activities of local self­government bodies and civil-military cooperation structures is formulated as an analytical and search work of civil society institutions aimed at determining whether the activities of the controlled entities comply with their functions, powers, restrictions and prohibitions established by law.
 The legal framework for civic control over the activities of local self-government bodies and civil- military cooperation structures is currently being developed. Legislation governing the activities of local self-government bodies is largely outdated and does not take into account the realities of the martial law regime. Instead, the legislative basis for civil-military cooperation has not yet been created, which leads to an arbitrary interpretation of the essence of civil-military cooperation by different actors.

Motivation of cadet’s higher military educational institutions regarding their improvement physical preparation

In the conditions of the legal regime of martial law in Ukraine, the issue of improving the physical fitness of future officers of the Security Service of Ukraine is gaining particular relevance. For cadets during the entire period of study at higher military educational institutions of the Security Service of Ukraine, the disciplines "Special physical training" and "Physical training" are an integral part of their professional training, the purpose of which is to ensure the training of specialists of the Security Service of Ukraine with a high level of physical fitness , able to withstand physical, mental, neuropsychological loads, effectively solve official tasks without reducing the efficiency of professional activity. Therefore, based on the specifics of the war on the territory of Ukraine, there is a need to improve the system of physical training of cadets of higher military educational institutions of the Security Service of Ukraine. In connection with this, it is important to form knowledge and practical skills in cadets, to lead a healthy lifestyle, to optimize movement regime and physical training, which should contribute to maintaining high combat capability of future officers of the Security Service of Ukraine. The analysis of literary sources devoted to this problem shows that a special place in the psychological provision of physical training is occupied by motivation, which prompts a person to engage in physical culture and sports. In order to determine the motivation of cadets of higher military educational institutions for physical training classes, an anonymous questionnaire survey was used. Using the questionnaire developed by him, a sociological survey of cadets was conducted. Based on the questionnaire data of the first and fifth year cadets, the ways and directions of increasing their physical fitness have been determined, which will be useful for specialists in special physical training, physical training and physical education.

Corporate social responsibility and investment efficiency: The roles of national stakeholder orientation and legal origins

Utilizing an international setting consisting of 21,039 observations from 43 countries during the years from 2010 to 2019, spanning the period between the global financial and health crises, we first reveal that the two broad legal traditions of the country shape the positive connection between CSR performance and investment efficiency. We find a stronger positive linkage for companies operating under a civil law regime. Our findings also imply that U.S. firms buck the trend among English common law firms and have probably shifted their orientation to a more balanced consideration of stakeholders. Plus, we discover that legal origins are a stronger predictor of CSR perception by showing that stakeholders of the Scandinavian civil law system are more responsive to CSR activities than those in the German, French, and socialist civil law countries. Results are robust to a battery of sensitivity tests.

Legal Basis for The Activities of Law Enforcement Agencies Under the Legal Regime of Martial Law

Problematic issues related to the legal basis of the activities of law enforcement agencies under the legal regime of martial law are caused by significant threats to Ukrainian statehood, sovereignty, and territorial integrity of Ukraine. These aspects have become particularly acute after February 24, 2022, as a result of the full-scale invasion of the Russian Federation, which determines the relevance of the topic. The purpose of the study is to determine the legal basis for the activities of law enforcement agencies under the legal regime of martial law in the light of the latest socio-economic, ideological and security issues. Such methods as analysis, synthesis, deduction, induction, logical and legal method and forecasting were used in the article. Within the scope of the study, separate organizational and legal principles were singled out, which most widely illustrate the depth of changes in the activities of law enforcement agencies under martial law. The principle of situational implementation of new services to help the population is reduced to the fact that law enforcement personnel provided services to accommodate the population in shelters, provide drinking water and food to vulnerable groups, etc. The rule here is that for there to be an effective content in countering a separation, there is that need in revealing the prism's that exist which will be able in preventing the measures used in preventing armed group which to a greater extent will continue to be a threat in State's building a stable foreign policies. 

Transfer of Authority for Secondary Education Management from District/City to Province (a Study in East Nusa Tenggara Province)

Purpose: This study aims to analyze the progress made, the challenges faced after the transfer, and the efforts to overcome them. Method: This is empirical legal research, involving interviews with informants from the District/City Education Offices, teachers and principals, and officials from the Provincial Education Office. Result and Discussion: The research indicates that the transfer of authority was not based on thorough considerations. There has been a policy regression in managing secondary education. Research Implications: The recommendation of this research is for the management of secondary education to be returned to the district/city governments through changes in regional government laws and policymakers should adhere to the principle of subsidiarity in dividing governmental affairs between levels of government. Originality/Value: The essence of regional autonomy policy lies in granting authority to regions to manage governmental affairs including education. Law on Regional Governments regulates that secondary education management has been transferred from district/city to province.

Legal Aspects of Audit 10% Participating interest Management on Mahakam Block Working Area

<p><em>The efforts of the local government of East Kalimantan Province and Kutai Kartanegara Regency to increase local revenue by proactively taking part in receiving a 10% Participating Interest (PI) offer in the Mahakam Block working area have been successful based on Permen ESDM No. 37 of 2016. The ministerial regulation stipulates that the legal subject for managing the 10% PI has several alternative forms of business entity, namely the old BUMD, new BUMD, or Regional Public Company (Perseroda). Based on these administrative procedures, the legal subject deemed to fulfill the requirements as a legal subject for the 10% PI Manager at the Mahakam WK is PT MMPKM which was formed as a Perseroda business entity. However, this has implications for the emergence of new norms regarding the definition and composition of Perseroda share ownership, as well as the legal subject requirements for managing a 10% PI between the Permen ESDM No. 37 of 2016 and the Regional Government Law, PP BUMD, and PP No. 35 of 2004. Furthermore, because of the scope of state finances, the negative implication is that local governments do not get the maximum regional income from dividends from BUMD holding company PT MMPKM.</em></p>

Legal And Economic Principles of Activity of Public Authorities Under the Legal Regime of Martial Law

In modern society, the legal and economic principles of public authorities are given top priority. In the context of the martial law regime, public authorities face a number of new challenges, the solution of which requires balanced and comprehensive solutions of both legal and economic nature. Today, the specific conditions of martial law, along with social and economic issues, actualize security challenges that are of paramount importance both among the population of Ukraine in general and in the activities of public authorities. Interaction with the public on security issues is a powerful tool for improving the image of public authorities. An equally important issue in the field of public authorities is the issue of countering separatism in the public service under martial law. The solution to this problem is not only to improve the processes of bringing perpetrators to justice, but also to improve the national strategy of national-patriotic education, legislation regulating public service, education, civic activity, etc.   

Trust in Government in a Changing World: Shocks, Tax Evasion, and Economic Growth

Abstract Governments are always dealing with unexpected shocks, like wars, terrorism, financial crises, natural disasters, and the like. A recent prominent example is the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Since early 2020, governments around the world have enacted a range of unprecedented measures in an attempt to protect their citizens, with quite mixed results. This varied record has in turn had dramatic effects on peoples’ perceptions of their government, especially on their trust in government and so on their willingness to obey the many government mandates generated by the pandemic. This willingness to obey government mandates extends well beyond pandemic policies to all other dimensions of government laws and regulations. An important dimension of individual compliance with government mandates is tax evasion. What will be the effects of the pandemic and the associated government policies on post-pandemic tax evasion and economic growth, especially via the effects of government policies on “trust” in the government? In this paper we incorporate both tax evasion and trust in an endogenous growth model in order to examine the short and long run impacts on tax evasion of various shocks – a pandemic shock, a government policies shock, and a tax morale shock (and the resulting impact on trust in government). We then use real data on 11 representative economies to simulate these effects, economies representing developed and developing countries as well as economies representing governments that opted for various policy responses to COVID-19, modelled as a labor productivity shock. We find that varied public policy responses to the pandemic have immediate and persistent impacts on tax evasion in the short and long run, largely via their effects on trust in government. We also find that these evasion impacts vary in important and predictable ways that depend especially on whether government dealt effectively or not with the pandemic. Our methodology is readily adapted to examine the effects of other shocks and their respective policy responses on trust in government, tax evasion, and economic growth.

Royal Antwerp and home-grown players: re-shaping sports governance and EU sports law and policy

AbstractOn 21 December 2023, the Court of Justice delivered judgments in ISU, Superleague and Royal Antwerp. This contribution considers the implications of Royal Antwerp on the use of home-grown player rules in European football, the effect on international sports governance more widely and how the judgment has altered the course of EU sports law and policy.